Philosopher, social scientist, literary critic, theological thinker, analyst of anthropology and culture\u2014not to mention provocateur, sage, rebel and wit\u2014many labels might be given to Girard, one of the 20^{th<\/sup> century\u2019s most significant theorists whose work spanned decades, continents and disciplines.<\/p>\n}

He was Professor Emeritus of French Language, Literature, and Civilization at Stanford University.<\/p>\n

He was inducted into the prestigous Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise <\/em>in 2005 as one of their forty immortels<\/em>. Michel Serres, receiving Girard into the academy, described him as \u2018the new Darwin of the human sciences\u2019.<\/p>\n

Ren\u00e9 Girard was born in Avignon on December 25, 1923. He studied at the \u00c9cole des Chartes, Paris, before moving to Indiana University where his PhD in History was conferred in 1950.<\/p>\n

Subsequently holding positions at Duke University, Bryn Mawr College, and Johns Hopkins University, Girard published his first book: Mensonge Romantique et V\u00e9rit\u00e9 Romanesque<\/em> (Deceit, Desire and the Novel) in 1966. In it he argued that \u2018great novelists\u2019 such as Cervantes, Proust, Flaubert and Dostoevsky understood that desire is mimetic (that is, stimulated by and dependent on others).<\/p>\n

The Guardian <\/em>recently compared this book to \u2018putting on a pair of glasses and seeing the world come into focus. At its heart is an idea so simple, and yet so fundamental, that it seems incredible that no one had articulated it before.\u2019<\/p>\n

In his later work, Girard demonstrated the origins of violence in competing mimetic desires. He also showed the origins of culture in the scapegoat-mechanism<\/em>, in which an innocent victim is sacrificed to catharsise the community of violence. Religion, according to Girard, originated in these sacrificial mechanisms, but developed in the Judeo-Christian tradition into a denouncing of violence and the scapegoat-mechanism.<\/em><\/p>\n

While holding positions at the State University of New York at Buffalo and Johns Hopkins University, Girard published the two books in which he developed his mimetic theory from a theory of desire to a broader conception of human culture, the nature of violence, and the notion of the sacred: La Violence et le sacr\u00e9<\/em> (1972; Violence and the Sacred, 1977) and Des choses cach\u00e9es depuis la fondation du monde<\/em> (1978; Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, 1987).<\/p>\n

In 1981 he became Andrew B. Hammond Professor of French Language, Literature, and Civilization at Stanford University, where he remained until his retirement in 1995. During this period he continued to publish, eventually producing nearly thirty books including Le Bouc \u00c9missaire<\/em> (1982, The Scapegoat, 1986), A Theatre of Envy: William Shakespeare (1991), and Je Vois Satan Tomber Comme L’\u00e9clair<\/em> (1999, I See Satan Fall Like Lightning, 2001).<\/p>\n

Recently, Girard\u2019s last major book was published: Achever Clausewitz <\/em>(2007, Battling to the End, 2009), in which he engaged with the ideas of Carl von Clausewitz, the Prussian military theoretician who wrote On War<\/em>, to argue that human history is accelerating towards extremes in warfare and \u2018apocalyptic\u2019 violence. This book, according to a Stanford peer, \u2018created the kind of firestorm only a public intellectual in France can ignite\u2019, placing Girard as a provocative contributor to 21^{st<\/sup>-century public debate.<\/p>\n}

Girard was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and twice a Guggenheim Fellow, as well as the recipient of many other honours, including a lifetime achievement award with the Modern Language Association.<\/p>\n

Please see also Scott Cowdell\u2019s article at:<\/p>\n